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Compressibility refers to the ability of a substance to decrease in volume when subjected to external pressure. This property is particularly significant for gases, which can be easily compressed due to the large distances between their molecules. Liquids exhibit much lower compressibility than gases, as their molecules are already in close contact. Solids, in general, are considered practically incompressible, meaning their volume changes very little under pressure.

The degree of compressibility is quantified by a measure known as the compressibility factor or coefficient of compressibility. This value indicates how much the volume of a substance changes per unit change in pressure. For an ideal gas, the compressibility factor is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature and pressure, as described by the ideal gas law. Real gases, however, deviate from this ideal behavior, especially at high pressures and low temperatures, where intermolecular forces become more influential.

Understanding compressibility is crucial in various scientific and engineering applications. For instance, it plays a role in the design of pneumatic systems, hydraulic systems, and the behavior of materials under stress. In thermodynamics, compressibility is related to other properties like the bulk modulus, which measures a substance's resistance to uniform compression. The concept is fundamental to understanding the behavior of fluids and solids in diverse physical phenomena and technological systems.