égalité

Égalité, the French term for equality, is a principle in political philosophy and law that holds individuals should be treated as equals in certain respects, especially with regard to rights and legal status. It is not simply sameness in all respects, but a stance that people should have the same civil rights, protections, and opportunities under law. It is related to, but distinct from, equity.

Core forms include égalité devant la loi (equality before the law), meaning equal application of laws to all citizens; égalité des chances (equality of opportunity), which aims to remove unfair obstacles to advancement; and égalité des résultats (equality of outcomes), which addresses the distribution of resources and the fruits of social effort.

Historically, égalité has been central to republican and liberal traditions. It was a guiding principle of the French Revolution and appears in the motto Liberté, égalité, fraternité. Beyond France, equality underpins modern constitutions, universal human rights instruments, and many social reforms—such as abolition of slavery and anti-discrimination campaigns—though its precise meaning and implementation vary across contexts.

In contemporary debates, equality is contrasted with related concepts such as equity and fairness. Some policies pursue equal treatment, others seek to compensate for disadvantages through redistribution or targeted measures. Critics argue that strict equality can undermine incentives or fail to recognize differences; supporters contend that equality is essential for dignity and freedom. The term remains a foundational ideal in law and politics.