wintergreen

Wintergreen refers to several plants in the genus Gaultheria, most commonly Gaultheria procumbens, known as creeping wintergreen or eastern teaberry. These are small evergreen shrubs in the heath family (Ericaceae) that form low, creeping mats and produce glossy leaves, small bell-shaped flowers, and red berries.

Description and distribution: Wintergreen plants are typically low-growing, with evergreen leaves that stay on the plant year-round. Flowers are usually white and urn-shaped, followed by red to dark berries. Gaultheria procumbens is native to temperate regions of North America, particularly forested areas with acidic soils, where it inhabits the understory and shaded slopes. Other species, such as Gaultheria shallon (salal) in the Pacific Northwest, occur in similar habitats.

Habitat and cultivation: Wintergreen prefers acidic, well-drained soils and partial to full shade. It is commonly grown as ground cover or an ornamental species in gardens and woodland landscapes. Propagation is possible by seeds or vegetative methods such as cuttings or layering. It tolerates cool climates but generally requires moist soil and protection from harsh sun in drier regions.

Chemistry and uses: The plants yield an essential oil rich in methyl salicylate, commonly called wintergreen oil. The oil has a characteristic minty aroma and is used as a flavoring agent in chewing gum and confections, as well as in topical liniments and medicinal preparations. The oil is potent and should be used with caution.

Safety: Methyl salicylate is toxic in large quantities and concentrated forms. Wintergreen oil should be handled and used with care, kept away from children and pets, and never ingested in its concentrated form.