vomir

Vomir is a French verb meaning to vomit. In medical English, the term vomiting (also called emesis) refers to the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. Vomiting is typically an involuntary reflex, though it can be preceded by intentional retching or nausea.

Physiology and presentation. The act is coordinated by the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata, with input from the chemoreceptor trigger zone and various neural pathways. Triggers include gastrointestinal irritation, infections, toxins, vestibular stimulation (motion sickness), pregnancy, and certain medications. Symptoms often begin with nausea and may progress to retching before expulsion. In some cases vomiting can be sudden and forceful, known as projectile vomiting, and may be followed by dehydration or electrolyte disturbances.

Causes and scope. Common causes include gastroenteritis, food poisoning, migraines, pregnancy-related nausea, medication side effects (such as opioids or chemotherapy), alcohol intoxication, and acute illnesses like appendicitis or pancreatitis. Less common causes include metabolic disorders, central nervous system conditions, and obstructions. Red flags include vomiting with blood, persistent vomiting beyond 24–48 hours, severe abdominal pain, stiff neck, confusion, or signs of dehydration.

Diagnosis and management. Diagnosis is usually clinical, guided by history and examination, with tests as indicated by suspected underlying disease. Management focuses on treating the cause, preventing dehydration, and controlling symptoms with antiemetics (for example, ondansetron or metoclopramide). In pregnancy or children, treatment plans may differ and require medical guidance. Persistent or accompanied vomiting warrants medical evaluation.