visualimpairment

Visual impairment is a broad term for a reduced ability to see. It includes both low vision and blindness. Low vision refers to vision loss that cannot be fully corrected with standard glasses, contact lenses, or medical treatment but still allows some functional sight; blindness denotes very limited or no usable vision.

Common causes include uncorrected refractive errors, cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and optic neuropathies. In children, congenital abnormalities and retinopathy of prematurity. Injury or infection can also cause impairment.

Globally, hundreds of millions live with visual impairment; prevalence increases with age. It affects daily activities, reading, mobility, education, and employment. It may lead to reduced independence and social participation; however, many individuals adapt with assistive tools and community support.

Assessment typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, measurement of visual acuity, visual field testing, and evaluation of the retina and optic nerve. Classification schemes vary, but impairment is often described by acuity thresholds and functional vision.

Management includes medical or surgical treatment where possible (cataract removal, laser therapy), control of systemic diseases (diabetes), and rehabilitation services. Assistive technologies include screen readers, magnification devices, Braille, and audio books. Accessibility and inclusive design in education and work are critical.