virushepatiitti

Virushepatiitti, or viral hepatitis, refers to liver inflammation caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses. The principal pathogens are hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses. In many cases the illness is acute, but infections with HBV and HCV can become chronic and lifelong.

Transmission differs among viruses. HAV and HEV are usually spread by the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water. HBV, HCV and HDV are predominantly blood-borne and can be transmitted through sexual contact or from mother to child. HDV requires a hepatitis D coinfection or superinfection on HBV.

Clinical presentation ranges from no symptoms to acute illness with fatigue, fever, abdominal pain and jaundice. HAV and HEV infections are typically self-limited. Chronic infection with HBV or HCV can progress to cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma over years or decades.

Diagnosis relies on serological and molecular tests. HAV IgM indicates recent infection; HBV markers include HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc, plus HBV DNA. HCV is detected by anti-HCV antibodies and HCV RNA. HDV uses anti-HDV and HDV RNA; HEV by anti-HEV and HEV RNA. Liver imaging and enzymes support assessment.

Prevention and treatment vary by type. Vaccination protects against HAV and HBV and is part of many national programs. Chronic HBV is treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues (for example entecavir, tenofovir); chronic HCV is commonly cured with direct-acting antivirals. HEV infection is usually managed with supportive care; HDV treatment is limited and complex.

Viral hepatitis remains a major global health issue. Public health strategies focus on vaccination, safe water and food, safe injection practices, screening of blood products, and expanding access to antiviral therapies to reduce morbidity and mortality.