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Hepatitis viruses are a group of viruses that primarily infect the liver, causing inflammation. The most common types are hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. These viruses differ in their modes of transmission, incubation periods, and the types of illness they cause.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water. It causes an acute illness that is usually self-limiting and does not lead to chronic infection. Symptoms can include fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, and jaundice.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids, such as during unprotected sex, sharing needles, or from mother to child during birth. HBV can cause both acute and chronic infections. Chronic hepatitis B can lead to serious complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer. Vaccination is available and highly effective in preventing HBV infection.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mainly spread through contact with infected blood, often associated with injecting drug use or unsafe medical procedures. Most HCV infections become chronic and can lead to severe liver damage over time. While there is no vaccine for hepatitis C, highly effective antiviral treatments are available that can cure the infection in most individuals.

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a unique virus that can only infect individuals who are already infected with hepatitis B. It is transmitted in a similar manner to HBV. Co-infection with HDV can lead to more severe liver disease than HBV infection alone.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, similar to HAV, and is often associated with contaminated water supplies in certain regions. It usually causes an acute infection, but can be severe in pregnant women and those with pre-existing liver conditions. Chronic HEV infection is possible in immunocompromised individuals.

Prevention strategies for hepatitis viruses include vaccination (for HAV and HBV), practicing safe sex, avoiding sharing needles, ensuring safe blood transfusions, and maintaining good hygiene. Early diagnosis and appropriate medical management are crucial for all types of hepatitis infections to prevent long-term complications.