vietnam

Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia on the eastern part of the Indochinese Peninsula. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos and Cambodia to the west, and the South China Sea to the east. Its capital is Hanoi, and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City. The population is around 100 million, with the ethnic majority being the Kinh and numerous minority groups shaping a diverse culture. Vietnamese is the official language, with other languages spoken by minority communities.

The country is a one-party state led by the Communist Party of Vietnam. The President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The National Assembly is the unicameral legislature. Since the Đổi Mới reforms in 1986, Vietnam has shifted from a centrally planned economy toward a socialist-oriented market economy, achieving rapid economic growth and expanding global trade. Key exports include electronics, textiles and garments, footwear, coffee, and rice. Vietnam is a member of ASEAN, participates in CPTPP and RCEP, and joined the World Trade Organization in 2007.

Geographically diverse, Vietnam spans long coastlines and features the Red River Delta in the north and the Mekong Delta in the south, with the Annamite Mountain Range and Central Highlands inland. The climate is tropical monsoon, with distinct wet and dry seasons and susceptibility to typhoons in the central region. Cultural life blends Confucian, Buddhist, and indigenous traditions, with renowned cuisine, historical sites such as Ha Long Bay and Hoi An, and ongoing environmental challenges including climate change and coastal erosion.