veinitootmine

Veinitootmine is the Estonian term for wine production, encompassing the cultivation of grapes (viticulture) and the conversion of grapes into wine through fermentation and aging. It includes harvest planning, quality control, bottling, and adherence to origin and labeling regulations.

Wine production has ancient roots in the Near East and the Mediterranean, expanding in Europe during the medieval and modern eras. Today it is a global industry with diverse regional styles shaped by climate, soil, grape varieties, and winemaking practices.

Viticulture involves site selection, vine training, canopy management, pest and disease control, irrigation, and harvest timing to obtain grapes with desired sugar, acidity, and flavor. Winemaking covers primary fermentation, where yeast converts sugars to alcohol; red wines macerate with grape skins to extract color and tannins; white wines are usually pressed before fermentation. Malolactic fermentation, aging in stainless steel or oak, and clarification and stabilization methods further refine the wine before bottling.

Wine styles include white, red, rosé, sparkling, and fortified varieties. Regions use appellations, quality levels, and labeling terms to indicate origin and style. Regulation and market forces influence viticultural practices, production methods, and sustainability measures, including water use, energy efficiency, and biodiversity.