vaginálisnyálkahártya

The vaginálisnyálkahártya, or vaginal mucosa, is the inner lining of the vagina. It is composed of stratified squamous epithelium that is pliable and self‑renewing, allowing it to accommodate the passage of sperm, the expulsion of menstrual fluid, and the insertion of contraceptive devices or a partner. The epithelium is underlain by a connective tissue layer rich in blood vessels, lymphatics, and immune cells, which helps protect against pathogens while maintaining a moist environment.

Hormonal regulation is key: estrogen promotes thickening, vascularity, and glycogen deposition, which in turn supports beneficial lactobacilli populations that produce lactic acid and help keep the vaginal pH acidic (normally around 3.8–4.5). Progesterone, particularly during pregnancy, encourages a looser and more distensible mucosa to prepare for childbirth. Abrupt changes in hormone levels can lead to atrophy, dryness, or irritation, conditions that may be addressed by topical estrogen or other moisturizing therapies.

The vaginal mucosa also serves as a barrier and an active participant in innate immunity. It expresses pattern‑recognition receptors that detect microbial components, allowing the release of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides. This immunological role is crucial for preventing infections such as bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, and sexually transmitted diseases. Maintaining mucosal health through regular hygiene, balanced hormonal status, and safe sexual practices is essential for overall gynecological well‑being.