upasaka

An upasaka is a male lay follower of Buddhism. The female equivalent is an upasika. Upasakas undertake to observe the five precepts of Buddhist morality, which are to abstain from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, false speech, and intoxicants. They are not monks or nuns and typically live in secular society, supporting the monastic community through their generosity.

The term "upasaka" derives from Sanskrit and Pali, generally meaning "one who dwells near" or "one who serves." This implies a close relationship and commitment to the Buddha, the Dharma (teachings), and the Sangha (monastic community). While the five precepts are the minimum requirement, devoted upasakas may observe additional ethical guidelines, such as abstaining from entertainment or sleeping on comfortable beds.

The role of the upasaka is crucial in Buddhism as it represents the lay arm of the tradition. Lay followers provide material support, such as food, robes, and shelter, to monastics, enabling them to dedicate their lives to spiritual practice and study. In return, monastics offer teachings and guidance to the lay community, fostering spiritual growth. Historically and in contemporary practice, upasakas are integral to the functioning and propagation of Buddhism worldwide, participating in religious ceremonies, studying scriptures, and upholding Buddhist values in their daily lives.