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An underpass is a structure designed to allow vehicles, pedestrians, or other forms of transportation to pass beneath an obstacle, such as a road, railway, or elevated pathway. These structures are commonly used in urban planning to manage traffic flow, improve safety, and reduce congestion by providing an alternative route beneath intersecting infrastructure.

Underpasses can vary significantly in design, depending on their purpose and location. Some are simple concrete tunnels, while others incorporate architectural elements like arches, domes, or decorative stonework. In busy cities, underpasses often feature lighting, ventilation systems, and sometimes even small shops or public amenities to enhance usability. They may also include barriers or gates to control access, particularly in areas with high pedestrian or vehicle traffic.

The primary function of an underpass is to separate conflicting traffic flows, such as cars crossing a railway or pedestrians moving beneath a busy street. This separation helps reduce accidents and improves efficiency. In some cases, underpasses are part of larger infrastructure projects, such as subway systems or highway networks, where they serve as critical connections between different levels of transportation.

While underpasses offer numerous benefits, they can also present challenges. Poor lighting or maintenance may deter use, and narrow designs can create bottlenecks. Additionally, in certain locations, underpasses may become unsafe due to crime or lack of visibility. Modern urban planning often addresses these issues through better design, improved lighting, and the integration of surveillance systems.

Underpasses are found worldwide, from historic cities with ancient tunnels to contemporary metropolises with advanced transportation networks. Their design and implementation reflect both practical engineering needs and aesthetic considerations, making them a versatile feature of urban landscapes.