umpama

Umpama is a term used in Malay and Indonesian that can function as both a noun and a conjunction. As a noun, it refers to an example, an analogy, or a metaphor. As a conjunction or adverb, it means like, such as, or as if, used to introduce a comparison or illustration. In this dual role, umpama appears in classical and formal prose as well as in everyday speech, though in modern Indonesian it is often supplanted by seperti or ibarat in casual contexts.

Etymology and usage context. Umpama is of Malay origin and is commonly encountered in Malay-language literature, proverbs, and religious or philosophical writing. It retains a literary or elevated tone compared with more colloquial synonyms. While many speakers use seperti or ibarat in ordinary conversation, umpama remains a recognized device for making an analogy or presenting an example in more formal discourse.

Language notes. In contemporary usage, umpama can introduce a comparison or an illustration, much like saying “as the proverb says” or “for example.” It can also be used to refer to a concrete or abstract example: “Umpama kata pepatah, …” or “Ia berlagak umpama pemimpin.” Its presence often signals a rhetorical or stylistic intention, rather than merely conveying a simple fact.

See also. Simile, Analogy, Proverb, Malay language, Indonesian language.