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Ultrasound examination, also known as sonography or ultrasonography, is a medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of internal body structures. These sound waves, beyond the range of human hearing, are transmitted into the body by a transducer, a handheld device. As the sound waves encounter different tissues and organs, they are reflected back to the transducer. The transducer then detects these returning echoes and a computer processes them to generate a real-time image on a screen.

The procedure is non-invasive and does not involve ionizing radiation, making it a safe diagnostic tool. Ultrasound can be used to visualize a wide range of organs and tissues, including the heart, liver, kidneys, gallbladder, uterus, ovaries, and fetus during pregnancy. It is also employed to assess blood flow through vessels by using Doppler ultrasound, which measures the speed and direction of blood cells. Conditions commonly diagnosed or monitored with ultrasound include gallstones, cysts, tumors, blood clots, and developmental abnormalities in fetuses. The image quality can be influenced by factors such as the depth of the structure being examined and the patient's body habitus.