túlérzékenységi

Hypersensitivity, or túlérzékenységi in Hungarian, refers to an exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to substances that are generally harmless to most people. This condition can manifest in various ways, affecting different parts of the body and leading to a wide range of symptoms. The immune system mistakenly identifies an allergen as a threat and triggers a defensive reaction.

There are four main types of hypersensitivity reactions, classified by Gell and Coombs. Type I, also known as immediate hypersensitivity or allergy, involves the rapid release of histamine and other mediators, causing symptoms like hives, asthma, or anaphylaxis. Type II reactions, cytotoxic hypersensitivity, occur when antibodies attack the body's own cells, leading to conditions like autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Type III, immune complex hypersensitivity, involves the formation of antigen-antibody complexes that deposit in tissues, causing inflammation and damage, as seen in serum sickness or lupus. Type IV, delayed hypersensitivity, is mediated by T-cells and typically appears 24-72 hours after exposure, exemplified by contact dermatitis from poison ivy or a positive tuberculin skin test.

Diagnosing hypersensitivity often involves a detailed medical history, physical examination, and specific tests such as skin prick tests, blood tests to detect specific antibodies, or challenge tests under medical supervision. Management strategies vary depending on the type and severity of the reaction and may include allergen avoidance, medications like antihistamines or corticosteroids, or immunotherapy in some cases. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of hypersensitivity is crucial for effective prevention and treatment.