turusuundade

Turusuundade is a traditional form of folk music and dance originating from the Ainu people, an indigenous ethnic group primarily residing in Hokkaido, Japan, and parts of the Russian Far East. The term "turusuundade" combines the Ainu words *turusu* (meaning "dance") and *undade* (meaning "song"), encapsulating the dual nature of this cultural expression as both a musical performance and a communal activity.

The music and dance are deeply rooted in Ainu shamanistic traditions, often performed during rituals, festivals, or celebrations such as the *iyomante* (a traditional Ainu festival marking the end of the year). The rhythms are typically driven by percussion instruments like drums and rattles, while vocal melodies are simple, repetitive, and often accompanied by hand clapping or stomping. Instruments such as the *koto* (a traditional Japanese harp) or the *mukkuri* (a wind instrument) may also be included, though their use varies by region and occasion.

Turusuundade is characterized by its communal and interactive nature, with participants often moving in a circular formation, reflecting the Ainu worldview of harmony and interconnectedness with nature. The dances typically involve graceful, fluid movements that mimic natural elements like waves, birds, or the movements of animals. While the style has evolved over time, efforts have been made to preserve its authenticity through cultural revitalization movements, particularly in Hokkaido, where Ainu heritage is increasingly celebrated.

Modern interpretations of turusuundade have also emerged, blending traditional elements with contemporary influences in music and performance. Festivals and educational programs now promote awareness of Ainu culture, ensuring that turusuundade remains a living tradition rather than a relic of the past. Its significance lies not only in its artistic expression but also in its role as a cultural symbol of Ainu identity and resilience.