tundemaailma

Tundemaailma is an Estonian term that translates to "World of Tundra". It generally refers to the ecological zone characterized by permafrost, low temperatures, and limited vegetation. This biome is found in high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere, such as parts of Canada, Alaska, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia.

The defining feature of the tundra is its permafrost, a layer of soil that remains frozen for at least two consecutive years. This frozen ground restricts the growth of deep-rooted plants and influences the landscape, often leading to unique features like patterned ground and solifluction.

Vegetation in the tundra is typically low-growing and adapted to the harsh conditions. Common plants include mosses, lichens, grasses, sedges, dwarf shrubs, and some flowering plants. Trees are generally absent, except in the more southerly subarctic regions where they may be found as dwarf forms.

Animal life in the tundra is also specialized. Herbivores such as caribou, reindeer, musk oxen, and lemmings are adapted to feed on the sparse vegetation. Predators include wolves, arctic foxes, and various birds of prey. Many animals have thick fur or feathers and migrate or hibernate to survive the extreme winter. The tundra experiences long, cold winters and short, cool summers. During the brief summer, the top layer of permafrost thaws, allowing for a burst of plant growth and animal activity.