transmutationer

Transmutationer is the plural form of transmutation in several Scandinavian languages. It is also used in English-language discussions of the same concept as transmutations. In general, transmutation refers to the process of changing one element or substance into another, typically by altering its atomic nucleus.

Historically, transmutation was the central goal of alchemy, with legends of the philosopher’s stone capable of turning base metals into gold and offering immortality. The term acquired a more precise meaning with the development of modern chemistry and, especially, nuclear physics, where transmutation becomes a physical process rather than a mystical one.

There are two broad types of transmutation. Chemical transmutation involves changes in the electronic structure of atoms and does not alter the nucleus, so it does not produce a different element. True transmutation requires nuclear changes to the atomic nucleus and occurs through nuclear reactions such as particle bombardment, neutron capture, radioactive decay, or fusion. These processes can produce new isotopes or entirely new elements and are studied within nuclear physics and radiochemistry.

Applications of artificial transmutation include the production of medical isotopes, the creation of materials with specific nuclear properties, and avenues for fundamental research into nuclear structure. It also intersects with fields such as reactor design, radiopharmaceuticals, and concerns about radiation safety and waste management. In scientific contexts, transmutation remains a key concept distinguishing chemical transformation from changes within the nucleus.