tracen
tracen is a network diagnostic tool commonly found on Unix-like operating systems, including Linux and macOS. Its primary function is to trace the path that network packets take from a source computer to a destination. It achieves this by sending out packets with incrementally increasing Time To Live (TTL) values. Each router along the path decrements the TTL value. When a router receives a packet with a TTL of zero, it discards the packet and sends an ICMP "Time Exceeded" message back to the source. Tracen records the IP address and round-trip time of these intermediate routers, effectively mapping out the hops between two points on a network.
This information is invaluable for network troubleshooting. By observing the path, administrators can identify bottlenecks, pinpoint