toundra

The tundra is a biome characterized by its cold climate and low precipitation, typically found in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, as well as at high altitudes in mountainous regions. It is defined by its vegetation, which is adapted to the harsh conditions, consisting mainly of low-growing shrubs, grasses, sedges, lichens, and mosses. The tundra's soil is often permafrost, which remains frozen year-round, making it difficult for plants to grow deeply.

The tundra's climate is severe, with long, cold winters and short, cool summers. Temperatures can drop below -40°C (-40°F) in winter and rarely rise above 10°C (50°F) in summer. Precipitation is low, usually less than 250 mm (10 inches) per year, and it often falls as snow.

Despite its harsh conditions, the tundra is home to a diverse range of wildlife, including polar bears, Arctic foxes, caribou, and various bird species. The tundra's unique ecosystem plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, as it stores large amounts of carbon in its frozen soils.

The tundra's remote and inhospitable nature has made it a challenging environment for human habitation, but it has been inhabited by indigenous peoples for thousands of years. The tundra's resources, such as minerals and oil, have also attracted human interest, leading to increased human activity and potential environmental impacts.