tosse

Tosse is the medical term for a reflex action that helps clear the airways of irritants, secretions, or foreign material. It is a common symptom rather than a disease and can occur in people of all ages. Tosse is typically categorized as acute, lasting up to three weeks, or chronic, persisting for eight weeks or longer in adults (with slightly different thresholds in children). It can be further described as productive (with mucus) or nonproductive (dry or “tickling” sensation).

Common causes include viral upper respiratory infections (such as colds), bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and postnasal drip. Other contributors are gastroesophageal reflux disease, environmental irritants (smoke, pollution, chemicals), allergies, certain medications like ACE inhibitors, and less commonly pertussis or other infections. In children, viral infections are a frequent trigger, but persistent cough warrants evaluation to rule out other conditions.

Evaluation relies on history and examination, with particular attention to duration, associated symptoms (fever, shortness of breath, chest pain, weight loss), and exposure risks. Red flags prompting urgent care include coughing up blood, severe breathing difficulties, chest pain, or a sudden high fever. In persistent cases, investigations may include chest imaging, spirometry, and tests for infections or allergies.

Treatment targets the underlying cause and may include fluids, humidification, and throat soothing measures. Symptomatic options include antitussives for dry coughs and, when appropriate, expectorants for productive coughs. Antibiotics are reserved for bacterial infections or other indicated conditions. Prevention focuses on vaccination, avoiding tobacco smoke, and managing chronic conditions. In cases of uncertainty or red flags, professional medical advice is recommended.