topográfica

Topográfica is the feminine form of the adjective topográfico, used in Spanish and Portuguese to refer to matters related to topography. Topography is the science and practice of measuring, analyzing, and representing the relief and features of the Earth's surface. It covers the description of natural and artificial terrain, including elevations, landforms, and surface cover.

Methods and data: Topographic work combines field surveying, leveling, and triangulation with modern remote sensing techniques such as photogrammetry, LiDAR, and satellite imagery. Data are processed to produce products such as topographic maps and digital elevation models (DEMs), which describe elevation, contours, slope, aspect, and hydrological features.

Applications: Topographic information underpins urban planning, civil engineering, infrastructure design, environmental management, flood modeling, and outdoor navigation. It supports land-use planning, disaster risk assessment, and geological or archaeological investigations.

Terminology: Contour lines depict equal elevation; vertical datum and coordinate reference systems anchor measurements. The term topográfica or topográfico reflects masculine or feminine agreement with the noun it modifies, such as coordenadas topográficas or mapas topográficos.