toothwort

Toothwort refers to several species of plants in the genus Lathraea. These are herbaceous, perennial plants belonging to the Orobanchaceae family. A defining characteristic of toothworts is their parasitic or hemiparasitic nature, meaning they derive some or all of their nutrients from other plants. They lack chlorophyll, or have very little, and are therefore often white, yellow, or purplish in color.

The name "toothwort" is derived from the appearance of their underground rhizomes, which are often described as resembling small teeth. These rhizomes are the structures through which the plant attaches to the roots of host trees or shrubs. The leaves of toothwort species are typically reduced and scale-like, further indicating their lack of reliance on photosynthesis.

Toothworts are found in temperate regions of Europe and Asia. They often grow in woodlands and shaded areas where their host plants are abundant. The flowers are usually small, white or pale purple, and arranged in spikelike or racemose inflorescences. Flowering typically occurs in spring. Despite their unusual growth habit, toothworts play a role in their ecosystems, though their impact is generally not considered significant. Propagation can occur through seeds or vegetatively from their rhizomes. Several species exist, with Lathraea squamaria being one of the most well-known in Europe.