toeeigening

Toeeigening, more commonly written toe-eigening in Dutch, refers to the act of claiming ownership of something that actually belongs to someone else, or presenting another person’s ideas, work, or property as one’s own. The term combines toe (to) and eigenen (to own). It can appear in everyday language as informal misattribution, as well as in more formal discussions about appropriation.

In legal and ethical discussions, toe-eigening is generally considered wrongful when it deceives others or harms the rightful owner. Depending on the context and jurisdiction, consequences can include civil claims for damages or injunctions, plagiarism in academic or professional settings, or criminal penalties for theft or copyright infringement. The concept overlaps with plagiarism, copyright violations, and other forms of misappropriation, but it is a broader, everyday description of misattribution.

Common contexts include academic writing, the arts, business communications, media, and cultural discourse. Toe-eigening can undermine trust, distort credit for discoveries, and affect how ideas and works circulate in markets or communities. In discussions of cultural heritage, the term is used to critique the appropriation or misrepresentation of someone’s culture or property by others, particularly when power imbalances are involved.

Prevention focuses on clear attribution and licensing, proper authorship agreements, transparent provenance for artifacts, and practices that promote open access and proper credit. By documenting sources and respecting ownership, individuals and organizations reduce the risk of toe-eigening and its ethical and legal consequences.