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Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength. Titanium is known for its excellent corrosion resistance and high strength-to-weight ratio, making it valuable in many applications. It is found in the Earth's crust, primarily in igneous rocks and sedimentary deposits.

The discovery of titanium is credited to William Gregor in 1791, who found it in a mineral called ilmenite. It was later named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology. In its elemental form, titanium is not found in nature but rather in mineral compounds like rutile and ilmenite. Extracting pure titanium is a complex and energy-intensive process.

Titanium has a melting point of 1,668 degrees Celsius (3,034 degrees Fahrenheit) and a boiling point of 3,287 degrees Celsius (5,949 degrees Fahrenheit). It is paramagnetic and has low electrical and thermal conductivity compared to other transition metals. A significant property of titanium is its ability to form a very thin, stable, and adherent oxide layer when exposed to oxygen, which is responsible for its exceptional corrosion resistance.

Due to its properties, titanium is widely used in aerospace, where its strength and light weight are crucial for aircraft components. It is also employed in the medical field for implants, such as hip and knee replacements, due to its biocompatibility. Other applications include chemical processing equipment, sporting goods, and jewelry. Titanium alloys, which combine titanium with other elements like aluminum, vanadium, and molybdenum, are often used to enhance specific properties for demanding applications.