tiaminy

Tiaminy, commonly known in English as thiamine, is a water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex group. It exists in several forms, including thiamine itself and its phosphorylated derivatives, with thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) serving as the essential coenzyme in cellular metabolism.

Biological role and metabolism

Tiaminy is required for carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. As TPPhosphate-dependent enzymes, it acts as a coenzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase, linking glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. It also participates in the pentose phosphate pathway through transketolase activity. Proper thiamine status supports energy production, neural function, and myelin maintenance.

Absorption, distribution, and storage

Tiaminy is absorbed in the small intestine via active transport and passive diffusion. In humans, specific thiamine transporters (SLC19A2 and SLC19A3) facilitate uptake. After absorption, it is distributed to tissues and stored in limited amounts, with total body stores generally sufficient for a few weeks without dietary intake. The vitamin is excreted mainly in urine.

Dietary requirements and deficiency

Recommended intakes vary by country and age, but adult daily requirements are around 1.1–1.2 mg. Inadequate intake or impaired absorption can lead to deficiency, causing beriberi (dry and wet forms) and, in severe cases, Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome. Risk factors include chronic alcohol use, malnutrition, and malabsorption disorders.

Sources and forms

Tiaminy is found in pork, fortified cereals, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, and yeast. It is available as dietary supplements and is added to fortified foods. The vitamin is generally safe, though rare hypersensitivity reactions can occur with injectable preparations.