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**Temperature**

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance, typically expressed in units such as Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), or Kelvin (K). It reflects how hot or cold an object or environment is compared to a reference point, often the freezing or boiling point of water under standard conditions.

In the Celsius scale, water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C at sea level under normal atmospheric pressure. The Fahrenheit scale, used primarily in the United States, defines the freezing point of water at 32°F and the boiling point at 212°F. The Kelvin scale, an absolute thermodynamic scale, starts at absolute zero (0 K), the theoretical point at which all thermal motion ceases, and uses the same degree size as Celsius.

Temperature influences various physical and chemical processes, including the behavior of gases, liquids, and solids. It also plays a critical role in biological systems, affecting metabolism, enzyme activity, and plant growth. In meteorology, temperature is a key factor in weather patterns, influencing phenomena like precipitation, wind, and atmospheric pressure.

Human perception of temperature varies, with factors such as humidity and wind chill altering how comfortable or uncomfortable conditions feel. Thermoregulation in humans and animals helps maintain internal body temperatures within a narrow range, though extreme deviations can lead to health issues.

Measurement of temperature is achieved through various instruments, including thermometers, thermocouples, and infrared sensors. Advances in technology have enabled precise and remote sensing of temperature in different environments, from microscopic particles to cosmic bodies.