taivutusten

Taivutusten refers to the inflectional forms used in Finnish grammar. They are the various word forms a stem can take to express grammatical categories such as number, case, tense, mood, and voice. In Finnish, most inflection is suffixal, making the language highly agglutinative. Taivutusten affect nouns, verbs, adjectives, and numerals and underlie how meaning is conveyed beyond word order.

Nouns are declined for number (singular and plural) and for a set of cases that express location, direction, possession, and other relations. The nominative is the base form, while other forms include talon (genitive/possessive), talossa (inessive “in the house”), taloon (illative “into the house”), among others. Adjectives agree with the noun in number and case, so koko talo becomes isot talot in the plural.

Verbs conjugate for person and number in the present tense and have past and other forms through tense and mood markings. Examples: puh-un (I speak), puh-ut (you speak), puhu-u (he/she speaks). Past forms include puh-u-in, puh-u-t, puhui, with additional suffixes for negation and mood. Finnish also uses auxiliary constructions to express some tenses and aspects.

Other parts of speech also show taivutus, and the system relies on vowel harmony and consonant gradation, which can alter the stem in different forms. Mastery of taivutusten is essential for precise grammar and comprehension in Finnish, because inflection often carries key grammatical information that is not always indicated by word order.