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Tantalum electrolytic capacitors are a type of capacitor that uses tantalum as its anode material. They are known for their high volumetric efficiency, meaning they can store a lot of charge in a small volume. This makes them ideal for applications where space is limited. Tantalum capacitors offer excellent stability over temperature and have a long lifespan. They are polarized, meaning they must be installed with the correct polarity to avoid damage or failure. The dielectric layer in a tantalum capacitor is tantalum pentoxide, which is formed through an electrochemical process. The cathode is typically made of manganese dioxide or a conductive polymer. These capacitors are commonly used in consumer electronics, telecommunications equipment, and automotive applications. Due to their reliability and performance characteristics, they are often chosen for critical functions where failure is not an option. However, they can be more expensive than other types of capacitors, and care must be taken to avoid overvoltage or reverse polarity.