süsteeme

Süsteeme is the Estonian plural form of the noun süsteem, meaning "systems." In general usage, it refers to assemblies of interdependent components that interact to achieve a common function.

A system is defined by its components, structure, boundaries, and processes. The components are linked through interactions that produce properties and behaviors not evident from individual parts alone. Systems can be natural or artificial, simple or complex, and they can operate within or across organizational or physical boundaries. They may be open, exchanging energy, matter, or information with their environment, or closed and relatively insulated.

Examples span many domains: natural ecosystems and the solar system; engineered infrastructures such as transportation networks, power grids, and software architectures; and social structures such as organizations, markets, and legal regimes. In each case, a system maintains function through coordination and feedback among its parts.

Key concepts include boundary definition, hierarchy, feedback loops, control, stability, and emergence—the appearance of new properties at higher levels of organization. Systems thinking focuses on relationships and flows rather than isolated components, while systems engineering emphasizes the design and integration of complex systems.

See also: systems theory, cybernetics, systems engineering.