szpak

Szpak is a traditional Polish folk instrument that belongs to the family of bowed string instruments. It is similar in appearance and function to the violin but is typically larger and has a distinctively deeper, warmer tone. The name "szpak" translates to "starling" in English, possibly referencing the bird's melodic song, which the instrument is capable of imitating.

The szpak is characterized by its curved body, typically made from wood such as spruce for the top and maple for the back and sides. It features four strings, usually tuned in perfect fourths (like the violin), though some variations exist. The instrument is played using a bow, and its sound is produced by vibrating the strings against the fingerboard, which is divided into frets. Unlike the violin, the szpak often lacks a chinrest, requiring the player to hold it under the chin without support.

Historically, the szpak was popular in rural Poland, particularly in regions such as Silesia and Lesser Poland. It was commonly used in folk music, accompanying songs, dances, and storytelling. The instrument’s rich, resonant tone made it well-suited for both solo performances and ensemble playing, often accompanying other folk instruments like the accordion, fiddle, or gusle.

Today, the szpak remains a symbol of Polish folk culture, though its use has declined with the rise of modern instruments. Efforts to preserve and revive traditional Polish music have led to renewed interest in the szpak, with some luthiers crafting modern versions and musicians incorporating it into contemporary folk revivals. While not as widely known internationally as the violin, the szpak holds cultural significance as a unique expression of Polish musical heritage.