superdetermined

Superdetermined refers to a set of ideas in physics and philosophy that posit all events are determined by prior conditions in the universe, including the choices of experimental settings. In this view, the apparent randomness of quantum outcomes arises from hidden variables and correlations established at or before the initial state of the cosmos. The term is often used to describe theories in which there is no true independence between the system, the measuring apparatus, and the experimental choices.

In quantum mechanics, superdeterminism is discussed as a way to account for the correlations observed in Bell-type experiments without invoking nonlocal influences. Bell’s theorem relies on an assumption called measurement independence or freedom of choice—the idea that the settings chosen by experimenters are statistically independent of the hidden variables of the system. A superdeterministic model would violate this assumption, positing a pre-arranged coordination between hidden variables and measurement settings. If correct, such models could reproduce quantum correlations through predetermined conditions rather than faster-than-light effects. However, they are often viewed as unfalsifiable or conspiratorial, because they imply a universal, coordinated history that predetermines all experimental choices.

The idea has been explored and debated in foundational discussions, with proponents including Gerard ’t Hooft, who has investigated deterministic interpretations of quantum mechanics that can accommodate superdeterministic elements. Critics argue that superdeterminism undermines scientific testability and shifts the burden from dynamical explanations to a kind of cosmic conspiracy. In response, some researchers pursue experimental approaches to address the freedom-of-choice issue in Bell tests, such as using distant cosmic sources to select measurement parameters, though there is no consensus on its viability or implications.