sumps

A sump is a pit or reservoir designed to collect liquids or other materials, acting as a collection point and often serving as a reservoir for subsequent processes or removal. Sumps are found in a range of settings, including buildings, engines, aquatic systems, and industrial applications.

In buildings, basement sumps collect groundwater, rainwater, or seepage and channel it to a sump pump that discharges it away from the structure. The sump is usually a sealed basin at or below floor level, and a pump, sometimes with a check valve, is installed to remove the liquid automatically.

In internal combustion engines, the sump (often called the oil pan) is the lowest part of the engine and holds lubricating oil. It provides a reservoir for oil pickup, helps with oil cooling and filtration, and is typically removable for draining and maintenance.

In aquariums and marine systems, a sump is a secondary reservoir beneath the display tank that houses filtration hardware, heaters, and return pumps. Water is pumped into the sump and returned to the display tank, increasing total volume and allowing equipment to be concealed.

In mining, construction, and drainage engineering, sumps collect water or slurry within excavations, pits, or drainage networks. They are periodically pumped to lower levels or to treatment facilities to maintain safe working conditions.

In cave diving and speleology, a sump denotes an underwater passage or pool that must be traversed or navigated with specialized equipment, often requiring training and planning.