sumer
Sumer was an ancient civilization in southern Mesopotamia, located in present-day southern Iraq. Flourishing roughly between 4500 and 1900 BCE, it is often regarded as one of the world’s earliest urban societies. Sumer consisted of a constellation of city-states rather than a single centralized state, with political power generally tied to temple institutions and rulers known as lugal or ensi.
Geography and economy played a key role in Sumer’s development. Situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers,
Society in Sumer was hierarchical and temple-centered. Priests and scribes held high status, managing temple economies,
Culture and technology were notable for the development of cuneiform writing, which arose around 3200 BCE for
Decline and legacy: By the end of the third millennium BCE, Sumerian political independence waned as northern