substituentem
A substituentem is a term used in chemistry to describe an atom or group of atoms that has replaced a hydrogen atom or another atom in a parent molecule. Substituents are fundamental to understanding the structure and properties of organic compounds. They are often attached to a carbon skeleton and can significantly alter the reactivity, physical characteristics, and biological activity of the molecule.
The nature of a substituent determines its effect. Electron-donating substituents tend to increase electron density in
Common examples of substituents include halogens (like chlorine or bromine), alkyl groups (like methyl or ethyl),