subkultura

Subkultura is a term used in sociology and cultural studies to refer to a culturally defined group within a larger society that shares distinctive beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and practices that differentiate it from the mainstream. The word derives from Latin sub- meaning "under" and cultura meaning "cultivation" or "culture." Subcultures often form around shared interests such as music genres, fashion, sports, technology, politics, or ethnicity, and they may develop unique languages or styles of dress, behavior, and ritual.

Key features include a sense of group identity, boundary-making through distinctive styles, codes of conduct, and social networks that provide belonging and support. Subcultures can arise from perceived marginalization, dissatisfaction with dominant norms, or the appeal of alternative meanings. They frequently negotiate a relationship with the wider culture, sometimes resisting dominant values, sometimes engaging with them, and they are subject to processes of commercialization or mainstream appropriation.

Differences between subculture and counterculture are noted: a subculture generally coexists with the broader society and may adopt or adapt elements from it, while a counterculture actively challenges core norms. In contemporary societies, subcultures are reinforced and transformed by digital media, global mobility, and online communities, enabling cross-border exchange of styles and ideas.

Examples of subcultures include punk, goth, hip hop, skaters, metal, anime and cosplay communities, and various youth or regional scenes. The concept is widely used in sociology to analyze identity, social cohesion, and power relations within societies.