spiritists

Spiritists are adherents of movements that believe spirits of the dead can communicate with the living and that life continues after death. In English, "spiritist" typically refers to followers of the Spiritist Doctrine codified in the 19th century by Allan Kardec. In several countries, most notably Brazil, the movement is known as espiritismo and centers on systematic study, ethical living, and ongoing spiritual evolution.

Origins and beliefs: Spiritist ideas originated in 19th-century North America as part of the broader spiritualist movement, but Kardec formalized a distinct doctrine in France. Spiritism emphasizes the moral and intellectual advancement of the soul, the existence and progression of spirits, and the possibility of communication with the living through mediums. A key feature is belief in reincarnation as a law governing moral development and personal growth.

Practices and texts: Spiritists typically engage in study groups, lectures, and organized centers that host mediumistic sessions, séances, and experimental communication with spirits. They also value charitable work and ethical conduct. The doctrinal foundation consists of five books authored by Kardec: The Spirits' Book; The Gospel According to Spiritism; The Mediums' Book; Heaven and Hell; Genesis.

Organization and status: The movement is structured around local spiritist centers and national federations; the Federacao Espirita Brasileira is a major umbrella body in Brazil. Internationally, spiritist groups exist in Europe and North America, though the term "spiritualist" is more common in some regions. The movement is diverse, with variations in emphasis on reincarnation, healing, and the scope of mediumship.

Criticism and reception: As with other mediums-based movements, spiritism has faced skepticism and allegations of fraud; supporters argue that spiritual communications emphasize moral reform and compassion. Today, spiritists number in the millions worldwide, with Brazil hosting the largest concentration of adherents.