speleologists

Speleology is the scientific study of caves and karst systems, examining their formation, geology, hydrology, biology, archaeology, and history. Practitioners, known as speleologists, conduct research and surveys to understand cave processes, ecosystems, and paleoclimatic records. In common usage, a speleologist differs from a spelunker or caver, who explores caves for recreation; speleology emphasizes systematic study and documentation.

The field is interdisciplinary. Geologists study rock types, cave formation (speleogenesis), and structural features such as chambers and passages. Hydrologists examine cave water flow, karst aquifers, and water quality. Biologists study cave-adapted organisms (troglobionts) and microbial life. Archaeologists and paleontologists investigate human use and fossil remains. Researchers also analyze speleothems—stalactites, stalagmites—as records of past climates.

Fieldwork includes cave surveying and mapping, often using rope techniques, laser scanning, and photogrammetry. Hydrological tracing, data loggers, temperature and humidity monitoring, and ecological sampling are common. Safety, ethics, and conservation guide practice; many speleologists work with cave managers to minimize disturbance and protect fragile ecosystems.

Historical note and organizations. Modern speleology emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with pioneers such as Édouard-Alfred Martel. International collaboration is organized through bodies such as the International Union of Speleology (UIS) and the International Congress of Speleology, and national groups include the National Speleological Society and the British Cave Research Association. Publications include scientific journals and cave catalogs.

Speleology informs karst management, groundwater protection, and climate research. It also raises concerns about cave contamination, over-collection, and the impact of tourism, prompting conservation measures and ethical guidelines.