spektrometrien

Spectrometry, or spectrometries, are analytical techniques used to measure and analyze spectra produced when matter interacts with energy. They aim to identify substances and quantify their properties by interpreting spectral features such as peak positions, intensities, and shapes. The term covers a range of methods that detect various physical signals, including light, mass, or nuclear spin.

A typical spectrometric instrument comprises an energy source, a sample stage, a dispersive or filtering element, a detector, and data processing. The sample is exposed to energy; the resulting signal is separated by wavelength or mass-to-charge ratio and measured. Calibration against standards is commonly required to convert signals into concentration or composition information. Spectra may be recorded as a function of wavelength, frequency, mass-to-charge ratio, or other variables depending on the method.

Major branches include optical spectroscopy (UV–visible, infrared, Raman, and fluorescence), atomic spectroscopy (emission and absorption), and mass spectrometry, as well as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Each provides different information: optical methods probe electronic or vibrational transitions; atomic methods analyze elemental content; mass spectrometry determines molecular masses and, often, structural information.

Applications span chemistry, biology, environmental science, medicine, materials science, and forensics. Spectrometry supports qualitative identification and quantitative analysis, trace analysis, reaction monitoring, and process control. Limitations include matrix effects, spectral overlap, instrument sensitivity, and the need for appropriate standards and sample preparation.