spasmes

Spasmes, in common English usage more often referred to as spasms, are involuntary contractions of muscles or groups of muscles. They can be brief or sustained and may involve a single muscle or several muscles at once. The most familiar form is a muscle cramp, a sudden, painful tightening of a muscle that can last from seconds to several minutes.

Causes are varied. Dehydration and electrolyte disturbances (low potassium, calcium, or magnesium) are common triggers, especially with exercise or heat. Fatigue, overuse, or poor conditioning can contribute, as can staying in the same position for long periods or muscle strain. Nerve irritation or compression, certain medications (such as diuretics or statins), alcohol use, and medical conditions like diabetes or thyroid disorders can also play a role. Some spasms affect the eyelids, face, jaw, or vocal cords, and may have different underlying dynamics.

Symptoms typically include a sudden, painful stiffening or knot in the affected muscle, sometimes with visible hardening. Most cramps resolve on their own, followed by soreness in the treated muscle.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on history and examination. Blood tests or imaging may be used to identify an underlying cause if cramps are frequent, severe, or associated with other symptoms.

Treatment emphasizes relief and prevention: gentle stretching and massage, hydration, correcting electrolyte imbalances, and addressing contributing factors. Severe, persistent, or unexplained spasms warrant medical evaluation.