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Sovereignty is a fundamental concept in political science and international relations, referring to the supreme authority within a territory, which is independent of external control and domination. It encompasses the right to govern a state without interference from other states or international bodies. Sovereignty can be classified into two main types: internal and external.

Internal sovereignty pertains to the authority of a state to govern its own affairs without external interference. This includes the power to make laws, manage its economy, and determine its foreign policy. It is often associated with the principle of self-determination, which allows peoples to choose their own form of government and political status.

External sovereignty, on the other hand, refers to a state's independence from the control or domination of other states. This includes the right to conduct its foreign relations without interference, to maintain its territorial integrity, and to defend itself against external threats. External sovereignty is a cornerstone of international law and is recognized in various treaties and agreements, such as the United Nations Charter.

Sovereignty is not an absolute concept; it can be limited by international law, treaties, and the consent of the governed. For instance, a state may voluntarily accept certain limitations on its sovereignty in exchange for international cooperation or assistance. Additionally, sovereignty can be challenged or contested, leading to conflicts and disputes that must be resolved through diplomatic or legal means.

In contemporary international relations, the concept of sovereignty has evolved to include the protection of human rights and the promotion of democratic governance. This has led to the development of various international norms and standards aimed at ensuring that states exercise their sovereignty responsibly and in accordance with the principles of international law.