sovereignity

Sovereignty is a fundamental concept in political science and international law, referring to the supreme authority within a territory. This authority is typically held by a state, which has the power to govern itself and make its own laws without external interference. A sovereign state possesses exclusive jurisdiction over its people and its land, meaning it can enforce its laws and make decisions regarding its internal affairs and foreign policy.

There are two main aspects to sovereignty: internal and external. Internal sovereignty concerns the state's authority over its own population and institutions. It implies that the government is the ultimate decision-maker within its borders, and no other entity can legitimately challenge its power domestically. External sovereignty, on the other hand, relates to the state's independence from foreign control. A sovereign state is recognized by other states as an equal and has the right to conduct its foreign relations autonomously.

The principle of state sovereignty is a cornerstone of the modern international system, underpinning the idea of a world composed of independent and equal states. However, the practical application of sovereignty can be complex and is often debated, particularly in the context of international organizations, human rights interventions, and global challenges that transcend national borders. The concept also encompasses the idea of popular sovereignty, where ultimate authority resides with the people, who then delegate that power to their government.