sotpanna

Sotapanna, often translated as stream-enterer, is a term in Theravāda Buddhism (Pali: sotāpanna) that denotes the first of the four stages of awakening on the Buddhist path. A Sotapanna is said to have entered the stream that leads to Nibbāna, guaranteeing enlightenment within seven further rebirths and preventing rebirth in the lower realms.

Etymology and meaning: sotā means stream, panna means wisdom or insight. The label indicates that the practitioner has begun the irreversible process toward liberation by entering the noble path.

Criteria and fetters: In traditional Theravāda doctrine, a Sotapanna has eradicated the first three fetters—self-view (permanent ego), doubt about the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha, and attachment to rites and rituals as means to salvation. A Sotapanna still holds the remaining seven fetters (sensual desire, ill will, desire for existence in form and formless realms, conceit, restlessness, and ignorance) but is on course to final liberation. This attainment is associated with confidence in the Triple Gem, ethical conduct, and commitment to ongoing spiritual practice.

Significance: The stream-entry marks a decisive shift in the spiritual path, representing a durable spiritual breakthrough rather than a temporary insight. It is often cited as evidence of genuine progress and mindfulness in practice. In many traditions, both laypersons and monastics can attain Sotapanna through faith, ethical conduct, and right view.

Variations exist among Buddhist schools regarding the enumeration and interpretation of fetters, but the core idea remains: a Sotapanna has entered the stream toward full awakening and is guaranteed eventual liberation.