sonicating

Sonicating refers to the application of ultrasonic energy to a liquid to agitate its contents. Typically in the 20- to 40-kilohertz range, ultrasonic devices generate high-frequency sound waves that cause cavitation—the formation, growth, and collapse of microbubbles. This cavitation produces localized shock waves and shear forces that disrupt aggregates, assist dispersion, or rupture biological cells or membranes.

Main devices include ultrasonic processors (also called sonicators) that use a horn or probe to deliver energy directly into the liquid, and ultrasonic baths that immerse the sample in a reservoir. Probes allow higher energy densities and targeted treatment; baths provide gentler, more uniform exposure but with lower intensity.

Applications span biology, chemistry, and materials science. In biology, sonication is widely used for cell lysis and to shear DNA or proteins for downstream analyses. In chemistry and materials science, it aids dispersion of nanoparticles, emulsification of immiscible phases, and homogenization of suspensions. It can also be used for cleaning and degassing liquids, and for breaking up aggregates.

Performance depends on frequency, power, probe size, immersion depth, geometry, and liquid properties such as viscosity and surface tension. Higher power and lower frequencies yield stronger cavitation but more heating; higher frequencies produce finer emulsions but less cavitation. Temperature rise is a common concern; samples are often cooled or pulsed to limit heating.

Safety and quality considerations include noise exposure, heat generation, contamination from the probe, and unintended sample damage. Appropriate shielding, cooling, and handling protocols are recommended to protect operators and preserve sample integrity.