solarenergy

Solar energy refers to energy derived from the sun. It is captured and converted to electricity or heat using technologies such as photovoltaic PV and concentrated solar power CSP. PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor materials, typically silicon. When photons strike the p-n junction, electrons are liberated, generating direct current which is converted to alternating current by an inverter and fed to the electrical grid or used on site. PV installations range from small rooftop panels to utility-scale solar farms; they may be grid-tied or standalone in off-grid sites. CSP concentrates sunlight with mirrors or lenses to heat a fluid, producing steam to drive a turbine connected to a generator. CSP can include thermal storage, such as molten salt, enabling power generation when sun is not shining.

Applications: electricity generation, solar water heating, space heating, and process heat. In many regions, solar is a major contributor to electricity supply, often deployed alongside storage and other renewables.

Advantages include low operating costs, zero fuel emissions during operation, and rapid scalability. Challenges include intermittency, land and water use (especially CSP), manufacturing impacts, and end-of-life recycling. Economic viability has improved with technology learning, economies of scale, and policy incentives; the levelized cost of energy for solar has declined substantially in recent years, making it competitive with conventional sources in many markets.

Lifespan for PV modules is commonly 25–30 years; inverters typically require replacement within 10–15 years. Policy frameworks such as subsidies, tax credits, and net metering influence deployment.