skeptics

Skeptics are individuals or groups who apply critical thinking and require evidence before accepting claims, especially those that are extraordinary or poorly substantiated. They emphasize rational inquiry, the provisional status of knowledge, and careful evaluation of evidence rather than acceptance based on authority, tradition, or anecdote.

Skepticism has multiple meanings. Philosophical skepticism questions whether knowledge is possible or certain. Scientific skepticism focuses on testing claims about the natural world through observation, experimentation, and falsifiable hypotheses, and it seeks to distinguish well-supported conclusions from speculation.

History: Skepticism has roots in ancient philosophy with Pyrrhonian and Academic skeptics who questioned certainty. In modern times, the scientific skepticism movement emerged in the late 20th century, with organizations such as CSICOP (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) promoting evidence-based inquiry, critical thinking, and debunking of paranormal and pseudoscientific claims. Notable figures include Carl Sagan, James Randi, and Michael Shermer.

Activities and methods: Skeptics scrutinize extraordinary claims, demand verifiable evidence, value testable hypotheses, replication, and peer review. They engage in public outreach, publish journals and podcasts, organize conferences, and conduct investigations into contested claims.

Impact and criticisms: Skeptics have contributed to exposing fraud and countering misinformation, while critics argue that some skeptics can be dismissive or dogmatic. Debates exist over inclusivity, cultural biases, and the boundaries of skepticism. The movement is diverse, with varying approaches but a shared emphasis on evidence-based reasoning and openness to revising beliefs in light of new data.