sinning

Sinning denotes the act of violating a moral or divine rule. In religious contexts, sin is a transgression against God or sacred law; in secular usage it refers to morally wrong conduct. Sinning can be intentional or unintended, and many traditions differentiate degrees or consequences of sin.

In Christian thought, sin is often described as separation from God. Many traditions distinguish mortal sins, which sever the relationship, from venial sins, which weaken it. Forgiveness typically involves repentance, faith, and, for some denominations, grace or sacraments.

Islam treats sin as disobedience to God’s commands. Major sins (kabair) and minor sins (saghair) are addressed through sincere repentance (tawba), remorse, and turning back to obedience. God is viewed as merciful to those who repent.

Judaism frames sin as violation of mitzvot or ethical norms. Teshuva (repentance), confession, prayer, and acts of repair are central, especially around Yom Kippur, with the aim of restoring harmony with God, others, and the community.

In Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, wrongdoing is understood in terms of karma and ethical conduct. Negative actions create karmic consequences; liberation or spiritual progress comes from right conduct, intention, and purification practices rather than ritual absolution alone.

In secular ethics, sin is often used metaphorically to describe serious moral harm or violations of social norms. Psychology and law examine guilt, moral reasoning, and accountability, while religious frameworks address atonement and forgiveness.

Across cultures, sinning reflects judgments about morality, authority, and the possibility of repair after harm.