sins

Sins are actions, thoughts, or omissions that are regarded as violations of moral or divine law in many religious and ethical systems. The concept typically carries accountability to a higher authority and may involve consequences in this life or beyond.

Etymology and scope: The word sin comes from Old English synn, linked to the sense of offense or harm. Across traditions, terms for wrongdoing distinguish offenses against the divine will from general immoral conduct, and the severity of transgression often influences beliefs about punishment and forgiveness.

Christianity: In Christian theology, sin is any act or state that separates a person from God. Traditions distinguish mortal sins, which sever the relationship with God, from venial sins, which damage it but do not cut it off entirely. The seven deadly sins—pride, greed, lust, envy, gluttony, wrath, and sloth—are a mnemonic device for moral instruction. Redemption is sought through repentance, confession, faith, and, in many denominations, sacraments and divine grace.

Judaism: In Judaism, sins (averot or cheit) are violations of God’s commandments. Repentance (teshuva), prayer, and acts of atonement restore the relationship with God, especially during Yom Kippur. Ethical life, communal responsibility, and ongoing striving for righteousness are emphasized.

Islam: In Islam, sins (dhanb or ithm) are offenses against Allah. Major sins (kaba’ir) require earnest tawba (repentance) and corrective deeds. Forgiveness is possible through repentance, prayer, charity, and steadfastness.

Other traditions: Hinduism and Buddhism frame wrongdoing in terms of karma—negative actions lead to undesirable outcomes across cycles of rebirth or spiritual progress. In secular contexts, “sin” may be used to denote serious moral wrongdoing without divine attribution, guiding social norms and personal conscience.