silsila

Silsila is an Arabic term meaning chain or sequence. In Sufism, it denotes the spiritual chain of transmission of authority and esoteric knowledge within a tariqa (Sufi order). The silsila links the founder of an order to successive masters and, in traditional accounts, ultimately to the Prophet Muhammad. The concept embodies the continuity and authenticity of teachings, practices, and spiritual lineages, and is often associated with the transmission of barakah, or blessing, and the capacity to authorize others to teach or initiate.

Structure and practice: A tariqa maintains a closed and publicly acknowledged silsila, usually recorded as a list of names. The chain is reinforced through initiation ceremonies, such as bay'ah (pledge) to the current sheikh, and the grant of ijazah (authorization) to teach or transmit particular practices. Simultaneously, disciples cultivate a living connection to their predecessors through regular instruction, dhikr, and spiritual mentorship.

Major orders and variations: The most well-known silsilas are associated with the major Sufi orders, including Qadiriyya, Chishtiyya, Naqshbandiyya, Suhrawardiyya, and Shadhiliyya. While each order has its own line of transmission, all affirm a continuing link back to a Prophet-linked source, though exact genealogies vary.

Relation to broader traditions: Beyond Sufism, silsila can denote any formal lineage or chain of transmission, but in Sufi usage it emphasizes living authority and an active spiritual chain across generations.