silencer

A silencer, commonly called a suppressor, is a firearm accessory designed to reduce the muzzle blast and other sounds produced when a gun is fired. It is typically attached to the muzzle and contains internal sound-damping features such as baffles and expansion chambers that slow and cool the expanding gases before they exit. A silencer does not make a firearm truly silent; it lowers the noise level of the discharge and can reduce recoil and muzzle flash to some extent. The degree of noise reduction depends on the ammunition, firearm, and the device’s design. Using subsonic ammunition can further reduce noise by eliminating the sonic crack of the bullet in flight.

Silencers were developed in the early 20th century. Hiram Percy Maxim, an inventor and entrepreneur, patented devices in the period and popularized the concept. Because advertising and public perception during much of the 20th century depicted firearms as quieter with these devices, the term silencer remained common in some regions, though many authorities prefer the term suppressor, which more accurately describes the device’s function.

Design-wise, most suppressors are screw-on or quick-attach devices containing multiple internal chambers and baffles arranged to disrupt and cool the escaping gases. Some designs are modular, allowing the user to adjust length or internal volume. Proper maintenance—cleaning carbon buildup and inspecting baffles—is important to maintain effectiveness and prevent malfunctions.

Legal status varies widely. In the United States, suppressors are regulated under the National Firearms Act and require background checks and a tax stamp; additional state and local restrictions may apply. In other countries, ownership ranges from highly regulated to outright prohibitions.

Uses include sport shooting, hunting where legal, and the film and television industries to control sound. Even with a suppressor, hearing protection is recommended, and safe handling practices remain essential.